By Alon Ben-Meir
Israel is a democracy, and like most parliamentary
democracies, the party that wins a plurality of the vote typically ends up
forming the government, asking a few of the smaller parties to join a coalition
government if they have not received an outright majority. Relative to most
parliamentary (particularly West European) democracies, Israel has a larger
number of parties, which has only grown over the years, each vying for the
biggest representation in the Israeli parliament.
There are two major reasons for the vast number of political
parties. The Jews who immigrated to Israel from nearly 120 different countries
came with different cultural, political, and ideological backgrounds – there
were liberals, conservatives, socialists, and even communists. Although they
were all committed to the security and wellbeing of the state, they held onto
their sets of political and ideological beliefs, which led to the creation of a
plethora of parties.
The second reason is that, until 1988, the electoral
threshold for a party to be allocated a Knesset seat was only 1 percent. It has
been increased in minute percentage points since then, until March 2014, when
the Knesset approved a new law to raise the threshold to 3.25 percent, with the
objective of consolidating and reducing the number of parties.
Given the low threshold, even at 3.25 percent, it has
encouraged different ideological groupings to form parties of their own so as
to accomplish four objectives: satisfy the personal ambition of the party’s
leaders, promote the party’s own policies, maintain the support of its loyal
adherents, and strengthen their bargaining positions at the negotiating table
should they be invited to join a coalition government.
Another interesting phenomenon of the Israeli electoral
system is the party shakeups prior to any election – several new parties are
formed, some existing parties unite to establish a stronger block, and other
existing parties dissolve altogether.
The chief shortcoming of the existence of many parties is
that it is impossible for a single party to garner more than 50 percent of the
parliamentary seats (61 out of 120). As a result, all Israeli governments,
since inception have been coalition governments consisting of several parties.
Every time, efforts to establish coalition governments become
saddled by the would-be coalition partners, who continue to hold fast onto
their different ideologies and priorities, and the personal ambitions of the
party leadership, which are often placed above the party or even national
interests.
Given the desire to be a part of the government, the
coalition partners agree to make some concessions, often temporary or
conditional. The net result is that the various parties end up settling for the
lowest common denominator, both in domestic and foreign affairs policy, which
inadvertently weakens the government’s hand in taking major initiatives unless
there is full support by all members of the coalition.
The result of the most recent election offers a glaring
picture of Israel’s chaotic political system. There were 29 parties who ran in
the September election, only nine of which were able to pass the threshold.
Kahol Lavan led by Benny Ganz won 33 seats, followed by Likud led by Netanyahu,
which won 32 seats. The third-largest party is the Joint Arab List, which was
able to garner 13 seats. The remaining six include Shas (9), Yisrael Beiteinu
(8), United Torah Judaism (7), Yamina (7), Labor (6), and the Democratic Union
(5).
The Netanyahu block consists of right-wing and ultra-orthodox
parties, which currently stands at a total of 55 out of 120 seats. The counter
left block, excluding the Arab List, stands at 44 seats. Although the Arab List
agreed to support the left block without joining a government led by Ganz,
three out of the 13 seats they hold refuse to endorse Ganz. As a result, the
left block ends up with a total of 54 seats, which explains why Israel’s
President Rivlin decided to give Netanyahu the first chance to establish a
government.
Since Netanyahu failed to form a government with his own
camp, he invited Ganz to form a unity government, but they have fundamentally
disagreed as to who should be the prime minister. Netanyahu wanted to serve as
the prime minister, not only because of his never-ending lust for power but
also because he wanted to avoid the pending indictment on three corruption
charges, which he could potentially avoid as a sitting prime minister.
Ganz, on the other hand, insisted that he would serve as the
prime minister because a) his party won 33 versus Netanyahu’s 32 seats, and b)
he refuses to join a coalition government with Likud as long as it is led by
Netanyahu, in particular because Netanyahu will potentially be indicted. In
fact, Netanyahu’s pre-indictment hearing has just begun.
To break the impasse, President Rivlin advanced a number of
options to help facilitate the establishment of a unity government, including
sharing the premiership position so that each can serve as prime minister for
two years. Rivlin also advanced the idea that both can simultaneously serve as
prime ministers, with divided but equal responsibility and power. Although
Netanyahu agreed, he insisted that he would serve for the first two years, only
to avoid the indictment. Ganz rejected the idea in principle because, as he
stated from the outset, he will not join a government in which Netanyahu serves
as prime minister.
The party that remains outside these discussions over a unity
government is Avigdor Lieberman’s Yisrael Beiteinu. He insisted that he would
join only a unity government between the two largest parties without any of the
religious parties, which would give the government a solid majority of 73 seats.
This, however, has not come to pass as Netanyahu and Ganz
remain divided. Lieberman’s offer to enter the unity government discussion
between Ganz and Netanyahu to help facilitate an agreement was turned down by
Netanyahu, who stated “There is no point in wasting Israel’s time. We’ll meet
and decide [how to proceed] if we see [intentions are] serious.”
Israel’s proportional electoral system not only has failed to
produce a clear winner that can govern with a popular mandate but in the
negotiating process between the would-be coalition partners, there is hardly
any discussion about the major issues that face the nation. For example, there
is little or no discussion about the conflict with the Palestinians, or how to
address the Iranian threat, or what to do with Hamas, along with many other
critical foreign and domestic issues, such as the broken healthcare system.
This is essentially a repeat of what happened after April’s
election. Much of the discussion between the parties centered around the
personal ambitions of the leaders involved. Horse trading goes on for days, if
not weeks, as each party’s leaders vie for this or that post, regardless of
their qualifications.
Failing to form a government, Netanyahu is required to return
the mandate back to the President, who may then ask Ganz to try to form a new
government. The failure of the latter would precipitate another election—the
third in less than a year. Given the prevailing political conditions, a third
election is not likely to produce significantly different results. What Israel
needs is an overhauling of its absurd political system, which only encourages
the mushrooming of small parties.
To begin with, Israel should raise the threshold to a minimum
of five percent, which would eliminate many parties that are unable to pass the
threshold. More important, however, is for the right-of-center and
left-of-center camps to establish one united party for each camp. As it is,
each camp almost always coalesces to create a coalition government. By
fashioning Israel’s electoral system along the British model, one party or the
other stands a much better chance of winning an outright majority.
The big advantage of this system is that all the small
parties who no longer stand a chance of passing the increased threshold will
opt to support one or the other large parties, ensuring their voices count. The
Arab parties (currently united) may opt to remain independent or join the
leftist party. This political system does not prevent the rise of one or two
smaller parties. Nevertheless, a total of four or five parties makes it much
easier to form a coalition government if either of the large parties fails to
win the majority of the vote.
To be sure, whereas Israel made tremendous strides in just
about all walks of life, Israel’s democracy is faltering. After 71 years of
existence, the Israelis could not settle on a political system that would avoid
these types of impasse, which are economically disruptive while undermining the
national security of the state.
Author:
Dr. Alon Ben-Meir is a professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU. He teaches courses on international negotiation and Middle Eastern studies.
